OConnor Character Traits Essays - 1033 Words

OConnor Character Traits In Flannery OConnors short stories, A Good Man is Hard to Find, Revelation, and Greenleaf, the main character in each share similar traits. Though the grandmother, Mrs. Turpin, and Mrs. May differ from each other in many aspects, there are three notable traits that each clearly possesses. Each of these individuals is highly conscious of their own social status, is socially prejudiced, and is extremely racist. Each of the women is revealed as being highly conscious of their own social status. Not only are they aware of where they exist socially, they are quite proud of their ranking. A perfect example of this occurs in A Good Man is Hard to Find when the grandmother dresses herself in such a†¦show more content†¦In Greenleaf Mrs. May puts all her energy into the farm because, in her mind, success can only derive from hard work. However, no matter how much she does, things never seem to go well. On the other hand, the Greenleafs, who are socially far beneath Mrs. May, manage their life just fine. This frustrates Mrs. May because Mr. Greenleaf is merely her hired hand who is barely helpful at all. From Mrs. Mays point of view, the Greenleafs had no worries, no responsibilities. They lived like the lilies of the field, off the fat that she struggled to put into the land. OConnor portrays the characters as socially prejudiced. Near the end of A Good Man is Hard to Find the grandmother tells the Misfit, You dont look a bit like you have common blood. She says this as though so-called common people fit the profile of a serial killer and the Misfit does not. This ridiculous assumption proves that the grandmother has no idea what a person of a lower class is like. She obviously assumes only the lower class consists of heartless, ruthless criminals. Mrs. Turpin in Revelation is extremely judgmental about poor people. When describing the poor woman in the doctors office she notes, There was nothing you could tell her about people like them that she didnt already know. Mrs. Turpin is convinced that she has everyone figured out. Every time the poor woman speaks aloud, Mrs. Turpin responds with aShow MoreRelatedModernism And Its Impact On Society917 Words   |  4 Pagesmany writers during that era flourished from that clash of ideals (albeit long af ter their works were published); yet one, in particular, stands out: Flannery O’Connor. Specifically, O’Connor is a notable postmodernist American writer out of her own take of the movement: a witty deconstruction of conventional regionalist tropes. Flannery O’Connor, to briefly summarize her life, was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1925 and spent the majority of her short life (she died before her 40th birthday) with herRead MoreCharacters Of A Good Man1276 Words   |  6 PagesCharacters of A Good Man id Hard to Find A famous example of American literature is the short story known as â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†. The story was written by Flannery O’Connor in 1955. Flannery O’Connor was born Mary Flannery O’Connor in 1925. She was considered an important person in American literature, with credits for writing two novels, over 30 short stories and various reviews and commentaries on other written works. O’Connor was raised in the south in the Bible belt and these traitsRead MorePoint of View in Everything that Rises Must Converge1274 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant role in this story and how readers interpret it. A point of view is the vantage point of which the story s told. O’Connor uses point of view to help illustrate the central idea of the story. The central idea communicated by point of view in this story is that if one is resistant to adapting to the changing times then they’ll become ignorant. The point of view O’Connor uses to convey this central idea is the third person limited point of view. Within this point of view, there are two aspectsRead MoreThe Characters Of Flannery O Connor s A Good Man Is Hard1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe Characters of Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† The Grandmother and the Misfit are O’Connor’s major characters in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†. Even though there are other characters a part of this story, the unnamed grandmother and the Misfit are the round characters as well as the main focus of the story. We are introduced to both characters early on because it’s coming from the grandmother’s point of view and we also discover that The Misfit is an escaped murderer but, we doRead MoreFlannery OConnor 1111 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor When writing a piece of literature the content is often influenced from the background of the person who is writing. The author, whether consciously or subconsciously, adds in personal experiences or beliefs into their pieces. Flannery O’Connor is a good example of this trend. Her short stories illustrate the hardships, beliefs, and society at the time she lived and was writing. It is most blatantly demonstrated in her collection of short stories entitled, A Good Man Is HardRead MoreO’Connor’s Use of Dynamic Grace979 Words   |  4 Pagesof struggles between her story’s main characters and their sacrilegious faults; these characters are typically depicted with the fatal-flaw of a superiority complex. This is of course, ironic due to the fact that many of these characters believe themselves to be pious Christians and though this entails that they should not retain a judgmental nature, they do so anyways believing themselves to be superior. Many times, Oâ €™Connor will introduce a dynamic character, seemingly out of nowhere, in order toRead MoreA Good Man By Flannery O Connor874 Words   |  4 Pagesothers. The plainspoken, comic- cartoon-ish, blunt, and obvious short story writer, Flannery O’Connor, in her short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find,† bring about the perfect example of Gothic fiction. The story is about an escaped mentally-ill criminal dubbed The Misfit- who crossed path with a fatal family. The main characters, The Grandmother, June Star, The Misfit and even Bailey among others show traits of odd and implacable demeanor. Coincidently, they crossed paths with The Misfit, and The GrandmothersRead More Good And Evil Are Bedfellows in Flannery O’Connor A Good Man is Hard to Find1072 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† illustrates a parallel between the Misfit and the grandmother, showing that good and evil are not mutually exclusive i n an individual. The grandmother and the Misfit display a flowing, changing state of character, representative of this shift. Flannery O’Connor develops these two characters on the surface as simply being a good person and a bad person. However, there is more to each character than the surface level, as they exhibit traits that wouldn’tRead MoreReview Of Flannery O Connor1228 Words   |  5 Pagestwo novels and multiple classic short stories, Flannery O’Connor is widely regarded as one of the greatest fiction writers in American literature. However, as a Southern and devoutly Christian author in the 1950s, O’Connor was often criticized for the religious content and â€Å"grotesque† characters often incorporated into her works. They were considered too â€Å"brutal†, too â€Å"sarcastic.† (The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O Connor). O’Connor begged to differ. Through her essay, â€Å"Some Aspects of theRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard For Find By Flannery O Connor1234 Words   |  5 Pagesstory written by Flannery O’Connor in 1953. O’Connor is a known writer for specializing in southern gothic and relied heavily on regional settings and distorted characters. Flannery discusses a topic in the short story, Good Vs Evil and how a confrontation between a grandmother with a superficial sense of goodness vs a criminal who embodies real evil. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, the author utilizes irony as a literary element to create multiple sides of her characters in the story such as those

Essay About Multitasking Free Essays

Multitasking – â€Å"the ability to do several different things at once† Nowadays, people prefer to divide people in two groups; people who masters to multitask, and those who can’t. Almost everyone place themselves in the former group, thereafter they put the rest of the people in the latter. But of course most people are lying. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay About Multitasking or any similar topic only for you Order Now I personally take advantage of multitasking daily to a certain extent, yes, practically all the time – in a certain level. And my perception of multitasking is the same as http://www. google. no/ ‘s perception on what multitasking is; it’s simply to have the ability to do several different things at once. But something that should be mentioned here is that no one can really multitask. It’s when we think we’re multitasking; we’re only jumping from one thing to another. This way of doing things is addictive and can of course eventually cause us difficulties among our ability to concentrate. With other word; it is physically impossible for a human to do two things at the same time. Then, I don’t mean that it is completely impossible to do two things at the same time; such as talking while walking, or smiling while dancing. No, I mean that it is impossible to multitask – to do two things at the same time – as long as the two things that should be done at the same time, requires a lot of concentration and attention to be done correct. I guess you yourself are able to distinguish between which tasks that requires a lot of concentration, and which requires less. Whether you’re driving a car while talking on the phone, or if you write e-mails during meetings, it is not true that you do both at once – it’s impossible. Unlike the other examples I’ve already mentioned. What you actually do when you’re doing the concentration demanding-tasks is to focus on the first one and then the other, a so-called â€Å"switch-tasking†. Because if you’re doing two concentration demanding things at once , of course your concentration is divided between to tasks at the same time – therefore the result of your actions won’t be as good as they could’ve been – if the tasks were done separately and thoroughly. It’s been proven time after time over the last years: multitasking is something only computers can do. What we humans do, when we think that we’re â€Å"multitasking†, is to jump from doing one thing to another, as mentioned earlier. But let us not forget that there’s one more group; those who need to multitask. I’d most probably put myself in that group – the group of people who can’t concentrate and focus on one specific thing unless she or he is doing at least one more thing at the exact same time. Now, you may call it ADHD, while I would rather call it being efficient. Of course there’s possible to listen to music while you’re doing your homework – to exclude the other actions around you, and to increase your concentration, like I personally do. But also here, the perceptions are different. Some people find hearing music while doing homework as disturbing. I think that the perception and the results of multitasking are different from person to person, depending on whom the person concerned is and what tasks there is to be done. A day should absolutely have more hours so all tasks on the to-do-list could’ve been done! But that isn’t something we can change†¦ so I think that the only thing we can do is to make the best out of it and remember to relax now and then. Sources: http://m. theglobeandmail. com/report-on-business/careers/careers-leadership/the-lunch/eileen-mercier-its-all-about-multitasking/article2021801/? service=mobile http://www. klikk. no/kvinneguiden/helse/article761396. ece http://www. universityessays. com/example-essays/business/the-ethics-of-multitasking. php http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/M/multitasking. html http://www. tinbergen. nl/discussionpapers/11044. pdf How to cite Essay About Multitasking, Essay examples

Finance Security Analysis and Portfolio Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac

Questions: 1. Financial Innovations leads to financial crisis?2. Adverse selection and moral hazards contribution in crisis?3. Unprecedent level of Government interventions?4. Long term impact of the Government interventions? Answers: 1. Financial Innovations leads to financial crisis Financial innovation has brought very complex structure and obfuscation within the mortgages selling that leads to housing bubble burst in US. Financial innovation in terms of the mortgagees includes the mortgages back securities which is one of the most popular and are back by the US government agencies like Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac are another major financial agencies who are known for their overvaluation of bonds (Abowd and Vilhuber, 2012). Financial innovations in MBS is was one of the most safest way of investing in the money as the rate of interest risk is also lower in term of equity. Financial engineering has help the banks and investment bankers to misrepresent the structured way of exploiting the investors by selling them poor MBS products (Barakova et al. 2014). With decrease the in default in payments of loan banks does not able to cope with decreasing value of mortgagee which led to subprime financial crisis. Most of banking and the securities broking companies are using obfuscation to show the value of mortgage higher that leads to innovation vulnerability (Christopoulos et al. 2008). Financial securities like mutual funds, future and forwards constructs are also been part of the losing the market base. Overvaluation of MBS bonds has been initial pillar of subprime crisis as the most of the mortgage sold by the companies are being overvalued bonds which is US government was not been able to return the investors principal amount along with interest amount (Downing et al. 2008). Innovation in the MBS products of the CDO s (collateral debt obligations) and CDs (credit defaults swaps) are used as the medium of the line of credit expansions which ultimately led to financial turmoil in 2008. The mortgage market construction was very much poor because of the lack of transparency and complex structure of the MBS. 2. Adverse selection and moral hazards contribution in crisis In the early 80s , the rising purchasing of the swaps rate that created credit in 2001 has been one of reason for the adverse selection of recession (Fabozzi and Vink, 2012). During the 2001 and to 2008 there was period of great depression because of the rise in the default in the corporate bonds which most likely faced by the mortgagee back securities in 2008. Adverse selection started from the financial or rather capital markets initially. One of the major information known as the asymmetric inflations are very much important hostility in the capital market. Adverse selection in mortgage market has been one of the major foundations of recent financial catastrophe (Insler and Swope, 2014). With rise in the uncertainty of the asset values reach to systematic risk in the US market because of which entire market collapsed in 2008. Another major reason for the adverse selection is because of the complexity within the instruments which is because of the lack of transparency has made it m ore difficult for investors. Since, the investors selection of the products because of the AAA credit ratings on the MBS is been another reason for poor selections (Sendi, 2010). The default in the payment of the mortgages backed securities because of bankruptcy of the borrower lead to reason for financial crisis at the end. Moral hazards here are about the lack of information enough information about MBS by over-valuation of the asset that leads to rise in the housing bubble. Moral hazards here explain that, one investor takes the risk because of which someone is held for the burden of those risks. Moral hazard here has been taken place where the information irregularity is more of risk taking party knows about the intentions in compare to the payer who has been bearing the risk. Here moral hazard is been occurred because the investors who know more can be behave improperly which is why moral hazard occurs (Barnes and Young, 2010). The information about the mortgagee and MBS knowledge is higher for banks in compare to party who is involves in paying the consequences. For instance, subprime credit because most of the investors felts that, borrowers will not be bal to pay the payments in the longer period of time which is why it reaches to subprime crisis. 3. Unprecedent level of Government interventions Government interventions in is very much one of the reason for the bringing the instability within the private economy. Since, the US government has taken various policy like term action facility (TAF) whose major objective is to reduce the loan interest rates in the money market in order to increase the increase in smooth flow of credit in the market. This ultimate results show that, TAF was not enough as because rise in the counter party risk was higher. Another major policy was Economic Stimulus act of 2008. This act is made with aim of spending more than $100 million to the investors and the families in order to spend more which ultimately kick up the economy (Barnes and Young, 2010). However, it went in reverse investors and families spent little that started the situation more of worse. Lastly, the third major policy results the US government to lose Federal Reserve by more than 5.2% because of sharp reduction in the CRR. This has tended to decrease the rate of dollar in return the price of oil has been increased. After these all mistakes the US government has made worsen the economy in September 2008 (Downing et al. 2008). This led the US economy and world economy to increase in the credit crunch. Most of the researcher has even has suggest that, the US government to save the Lehman brothers from the bankruptcy was made the government to poor choices or decision making (Das, 2012). This led to increase the interest rates rise in the payment defaults from 1% to 5% since 2001 to 2008. The GDP of the US has become almost negative in that year which why the value of dollar is been under scrutiny (Barnes and Young, 2010). 4. Long term impact of the Government interventions These policies have created long term effect within the US economy. The GDP of the US has been decline to negative and the Inflation rate has been rise by the more than 6.7% in 2008. This has led to housing bubble bursts. Most these impacted more on the capital market rather than the homeowners (Downing et al. 2008). The US government national debt in 2008 to 2014 was almost 17.82 trillion. This federal deficit has ballooned to higher debt because of the decreases in MBS valued. Government has not been able to lift up its GDP strength because of the poor transparency in the policies of the mortgage instruments. The budget and policy made by the U.S. government is very much cynical and has made the economy more worsen (Christopoulos et al. 2008). The US debt is ballooning since 2008 as because of the rise in recessions and ratio of debt to GDP has been decreased by the government surplus or due to growth GDP. With rise in the debt every year because of the accounting rules followed by the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is very much simple and situation more permanent. US government is been not able to match its balance of receipt and balance payments because of the rise in the public debt. Guaranteed obligations for mandatory payments leads the building the debt which again risen the long term debt is higher (Mitchell, 2008). Apart from that, government is also being getting the negative real interest rates within the US treasury shows that inflation are of the US was higher than the interest paid on the given debt. Reference List Journals Abowd, J. and Vilhuber, L. (2012). Did the Housing Price Bubble Clobber Local Labor Market Job and Worker Flows When It Burst?. American Economic Review, 102(3), pp.589-593. Barakova, I., Calem, P. and Wachter, S. (2014). Borrowing constraints during the housing bubble. Journal of Housing Economics, 24, pp.4-20. Christopoulos, A., Jarrow, R. and Yildirim, Y. (2008). Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS) and Market Efficiency with Respect to Costly Information. Real Estate Economics, 36(3), pp.441-498. Downing, C., Jaffee, D. and Wallace, N. (2008). Is the Market for Mortgage-Backed Securities a Market for Lemons?. Review of Financial Studies, 22(7), pp.2457-2494. Fabozzi, F. and Vink, D. (2012). Determinants of Primary Market Spreads on U.K. Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities and the Implications for Investor Reliance on Credit Ratings. The Journal of Fixed Income, 21(3), pp.7-14. Insler, M. and Swope, K. (2014). School Quality, Residential Choice, and the U.S. Housing Bubble. Housing Policy Debate, pp.1-27. Sendi, R. (2010). Housing bubble burst or credit crunch effect? Slovenias housing market. Urbani izziv, 21(2), pp.96-105. Barnes, S. and Young, G. (2010). The Rise in US Household Debt: Assessing its Causes and Sustainability. SSRN Journal. Das, S. (2012). The Great Sovereign Debt Express Derailment: The US Remains the Problem!. Wilmott, 2012(58), pp.8-15. Mitchell, P. (2008). US credit crunch impacts biotech across the globe. Nat Biotechnol, 26(4), pp.359-360.

Two Kinds And Teenage Wasteland Essays - English-language Films

Two Kinds And Teenage Wasteland The stories ?Two Kinds? by Amy Tan and ?Teenage Wasteland? by Anne Tyler have many similarities, yet are different in many ways. Both of these stories contain a conflict between parental figures and their children. The conflict in ?Teenage Wasteland? involves Donny and his two parents, Daisy and Matt. They want Donny to succeed in school, both gradewise and socially. Donny, on the other hand, has a hard time in school whether it be because he doesn't fit in or because he doesn't apply himself. Donny's parents want him to be the average ?all American? kid and they try their best to get Donny to fit into this groove. Donny's parents even go as far as hiring a tutor for him three times a week to help Donny get back on track. Nikan has a similar situation in ?Two Kinds? where a mother expects her daughter to fit a certain type a person that she doesn't want to be. Nikan mother wants her to have some special talent that sets her apart from other kids her age. Nikan on the other hand just wants to be herself and nothing more. Trying to act like a child prodigy or a pianist just didn't appeal to Nikan. Her mom was persistent though in trying to conform her daughter into both of these things. These two stories are also similar in that they both contain disappointments. This disappointment in ?Teenage Wasteland? by Donny is when he runs away at the end of the story. His parents tried and tried to help Donny and provide as much as they could for him only to find out that he ran away and most likely will not come back. Donny's mom and dad are involved in Donny's life as much as they can, only to have their son fail in the end. With Donny seeing Cal regularly, his parents though he was improving, but in reality, he wasn't getting much help from Cal. He was basically just having a good time three times a week with no parental supervision. Cal was, for the most part, just a good friend to Donny and was someone whom with Donny have fun with. This ultimately led to both parents being disappointed in Donny after he leaves home. The same kind of disappointment was experienced by Nikan's mom by her daughter. Nikan's mom spent a lot of time and work trying to get her to learn how to play the piano. Her mom though that Nikan was doing great with the piano. She was practicing everyday and soon she was to be in a talent show. Her mom was looking forward to the show so she would have something to brag about to her friends. Unfortunately, Nikan really blew the talent show. For some reason she though she was magically going to perform flawlessly when called on at the show but she did just the opposite. Nikan's mom was extremely disappointed. Like Donny's parents, she had put a lot of time and effort into something that she thought would help her child, only to be let down by her daughter. Another similarity between ?Two Kinds? and ?Teenage Wasteland? are the two kids, Nikan and Donny, respect towards their parents. The both show very little respect to them. The situation at the end of ?Two Kinds? where Nikan says that she wished that her wasn't her mother's daughter and furthermore wishes that she was never born like her other sisters was extremely disrespectful. A child should never talk in that manner to their parents no matter how upset. This was a turning point in both of their lives. The mother, being astounded at what her daughter said looks at her as a different person from then on, and it seemed harder for Nikan to talk face to face with her mother from then on. Donny, in ?Teenage Wasteland? shows complete disrespect for his parents throughout the story. His parents are doing all they can to try and help Donny, but he never puts forth the effort to help himself. He was getting into trouble as school, barely getting passing grades, and skipping school. When his parents asked him about where he was going, Donny got an attitude. Even after Donny's parents paid for a tutor, Donny still would not tell them what was going on in his life or even how we was doing in school. This information was always given to them by the school faculty. His parents had to

What makes you shudder And what are your commitments

What makes you shudder And what are your commitments Grammar Geeks I belong to a LinkedIn group called Grammar Geeks, where one of the most popular discussions right now, with 269 comments, is â€Å"What Makes You Shudder?†Ã‚   Each of these 269 entries contains someone’s comment (or more often complaint) about a grammar gaffe. At first I was interested in some of the conversations†¦Ã‚   but quickly, the conversation itself was the thing making me shudder.   In fact, I began to shudder each time another member of the group posted a complaint.   Even the word â€Å"shudder† began to make me shudder! from toonpool.com My shuddering at the shuddering forced me to look at my own way of being around grammatical errors.   Do people shudder when I let them know I am shuddering? A Turning Point for The Essay Expert At Unleash the Power Within, the Tony Robbins seminar I attended recently, I discovered multiple errors in the handouts we were given.   Believing I could make a contribution, I brought some of these errors to the attention of one of the staff.   This man pointed out, quite correctly, that the errors certainly did not prevent people from signing up for programs – in particular the ones that cost $10,000. â€Å"Why do you care so much about this?† he asked.   â€Å"Why is your focus on finding things that are wrong?† And â€Å"What would like be like if you started finding things right?† I took his comment seriously, and perhaps it was the corresponding self-reflection that had me shuddering at the relentless list of grammar complaints populating the Grammar Geeks conversation. A Shudder-Free Life?   Finding my Commitment Have I stopped shuddering at the things that have traditionally made me shudder?   Well, no.   But I am putting more attention on my commitment to effective expression in the world. I am also considering that there are bigger problems in the world to shudder about if I want to shudder – like the way we treat our environment, and the failures of our mental health system, and the hunger that still exists in the world side by side with opulence. And I still care deeply about clarity in writing and other verbal expression.   My job is to help people and companies say what they want to say, powerfully and precisely.   When I write, or when I edit someone else’s writing, I care that the final result is moving, compelling, and result-producing. Often grammatical correctness is required to produce an intended result.   An error in a resume, cover letter, or college application can be the difference between acceptance or rejection, an interview or no interview.   It can change someone’s life – maybe someone who is destined to find a cure for cancer, or discover new treatments for mental illness, or advocate for environmental issues (I have worked with people doing all of these things). As for the shudderers, I believe there is something to be gained from acceptance.   Not everyone will write or speak perfectly all the time, and I can accept them for who they are rather than putting distance between us with a shudder.   I think I’ll listen for the meaning of their words instead.   Because even with a grammatical error or two, I can hear what people are saying loud and clear. 🙂 I often adjust my grammar to match the situation Im in. On the streets of Brooklyn, I ask for directions by saying, Wheres the post office at? and on a dentists intake form recently changed Whom should we thank? to Who should we thank? because it just sounds more normal to the general public. Log in to Reply Judy Cullins says: September 2, 2011 at 5:35 pm I say focus on meaning and did the information enlighten you? I get a few gripes on my editiing when the meaning is clear. why do these kinds subscribe to my 170 blog posts and books when the only thing they say to me is This is a grammatical error. They miss my humor and the picture. Certainly, if they read my body of work, they would think amazing, not grammar minutia. Log in to Reply Judy Cullins says: September 2, 2011 at 5:36 pm I meant to say the BIG picture. I love blogs with humor! Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: September 6, 2011 at 3:39 pm Im afraid that I find it hard to compromise. Writers should learn, among other things, to use correct grammar and punctuation. Its a sign of respect for their readers. If there are grammatical errors, as someone above pointed out, there may be other more important mistakes in the content. Some popular bloggers maintain that its their creativity and content that count, and not their grammar. Why focus on whats wrong? is the usual retort when you point out, for example, that the possessive its does not have an apostrophe. Little do they realize how many of their so-called readers are turned off by or not reading their posts anymore for this very reason. However, spoken English is another matter. People can speak it the way they like. Anyway, the language/lingo is changing so much that almost anything is acceptable. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: September 6, 2011 at 4:41 pm Thanks Penelope. I admit that while I hold high standards for myself and for other writers, I also know that there are fewer and fewer great writers out there. Hey, not everyone can have The Essay Expert edit their writing, as much as I would like to take that on! My intention is to be forgiving while not relaxing my standards. Quite a trick! Log in to Reply

A Brief History of Hieroglyphics

The word hieroglyph has been applied to the scripts of the Indus civilization and of the Hittites, who also possessed other scripts, in addition to the Mayan, the Incan, and Easter Island writing forms, and also the signs on the Phaistos Disk on Crete, but the strict meaning of the word is used only to describe the carvings on Egyptian monuments. The most ancient hieroglyphs can be dated back to the end of the 4th millennium BC. They describe scenes and are cut in relief, or into the stone, mostly in chapels or tombs. Although it is impossible to know, but these early signs are probably based on the same system that the later set of hieroglyphics, known as classical hieroglyphics is based. Hieroglyphic signs were representations of living beings or inanimate objects by simplistic drawings. Over the years, some of the representations fell out of meaning, such as clubs, which at one time were used as weapons, and other weapons took their place. But they glyph stayed. Sometimes the object described by the glyph completely fell out of daily use and the meaning eventually became lost or it was distorted beyond recognition. Always only a few people in a limited circle understood the script. Only those who needed the knowledge in their professions were able to acquire the task of writing and reading the glyphs. These people were, for example, officials, doctors, and priests. Since the glyphs were too complex for everyday use, hieratic script was developed. Easier abbreviated script was developed for writing by brush stroke on a medium such as papyrus. Classical hieroglyphics evolved through the need to identify a pictorial representation of an event, such as a hunt or a particular battle. Hieroglyphs were added to scenes to signify that the work of art was not just an unknown war or such, but a specific one. This also one of the first times that we see people interested in preserving their history for others to learn about in later times. It was this new attitude toward time and toward history as unique events in time led to the invention of hieroglyphic writing. Hieroglyphics dominated monumental and sacred writings and was accepted in the Greece until the situation was altered with the conversion of the area to Christianity in the nd and 3rd centuries AD. The new religion fought against the Egyptian polytheism and traditions, and with its victory, the Greek script triumphed. The ability to understand the script was lost for many hundreds of years until the failure of Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt turned up the Rosetta Stone on which was written the same statement in three languages, Classical hieroglyphics, Hieratic script, and Greek. With the discovery of thi s asphalt tablet, archeologists were finally able to begin to unlock the key to understanding the long dead written language of hieroglyphics.

The cylindrospermopsin alkaloids Literature review

The cylindrospermopsin alkaloids - Literature review Example CYN is a natural toxin which is usually produced by certain cyanobacteria species majorly Cylindrospermopsin raciborskii and Umezakia natans among others (Masten 2000). The presence of CYN in drinking or recreational water poses a serious environmental and health risk. CYN was initially isolated in 1992 following a suspected outbreak in Palm Island; Australia. Since its isolation and classification, various techniques have been used to isolate, detect, analyze and purify Cylindrospermopsin (Moore, Ohtani and Runnegar 1992). Some of the common techniques include; High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA), Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA), NMR/Mass Spectrometry (MS), filtration and adsorption techniques among others Masten 2000). This paper shall describe how to grow CYN using bioreactor, analysis using ELISA and HPLC, purification of CYN and analysis using NMR/MS. Detection of Cylindrospermopsin in surface water is important sin ce it acts as the major source of drinking and recreational water for a large percentage of people throughout the world. The Cylindrospermopsins should be constantly removed from water to prevent contamination from toxins which are known to cause hepatotoxicity among other toxic effects (Fastner et al. 2003).Cylindrospermopsin is produced by various cyanobacteria species commonly known as blue-green-algae which are mostly found in fresh water. Some variants of Cylindrospermopsin raciborskii commonly found in U.S., Australia and Hungary, Umezakia natans isolated in Japan and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum found in Israel and Australia produce Cylindrospermopsin (Fastner et al. 2003). Human poisoning which occurs through ingestion of water or food contaminated with Cylindrospermopsin producing strains is the most common problem associated with the toxins. It has been suggested that toxicity by Cylindrospermopsins is majorly mediated through inhibition of protein synthesis which causes loss of liver functioning leading to death of cells. Use of a bioreactor in growing CYN Bioreactors can be used in the growth and isolation of CYN due to their ability to allow controlled growth of the organism under specific conditions. A bioreactor can be used to characterize CYN in terms of its relative biological and chemical components while allowing reproducible generation of the target compound. Bioreactors enable the proliferation of the CYN cells by controlling the environment under which the cells are cultured. Typically, a bioreactor for CYN should alloy control of certain environmental conditions that favor the growth of the organism. Using a bioreactor, conditions like oxygen concentration, temperature, stress and PH as well as sterility are maintained during the procedure (McMahon et al. 2008). The proliferation of CYN cells is also facilitated by the availability of essential nutrients alongside the removal of harmful toxins that can inhibit the growth of the cells. Biore actors enable different operations to be undertaken including fed-batch, batch and continuous cultivation (Choo et al. 2007). Continuous perfusion allows the growth of CYN cells under stable and controlled environmental situations. Isolation of CYN using charcoal filtration method Studies have demonstrated that CYN can be isolated successfully through adsorption techniques utilizing various sediments. Powdered Activated Charcoal (PAC) has been found effective in removing CYN from